The Castle of El Vacar stands atop a hill next to the town of the same name, within the municipality of Espiel, in the province of Córdoba. Its strategic position allowed it to oversee the route connecting Córdoba with Badajoz, serving as a key point in the communication between the Guadalquivir Valley and the Los Pedroches region.
The fortress features a rectangular layout measuring approximately 66 by 52.7 meters, with walls constructed from lime concrete rammed earth, ranging between 1.6 and 1.7 meters thick. It has four cubic towers at each corner and another four centered along each of its walls. The main entrance is located on the south side, near the southeast tower.
While the construction is attributed to the Caliphate period, possibly during the reign of al-Hakam II in the 10th century, some local historians suggest that the site may have been occupied since the High Imperial era, identifying it with the ancient Roman mansion of Melloría. This hypothesis is based on the discovery of Iberian pottery fragments and sigillata in the surrounding area.
In the 13th century, the fortress was conquered by Ferdinand III the Saint, who handed it over to the city of Córdoba. During the War of Independence in the 19th century, the castle regained military significance, undergoing structural modifications such as the addition of embrasures in its walls to accommodate artillery.
Currently, the Castle of El Vacar remains in a state of consolidated ruin, serving as a historical testament to the various cultures and civilizations that have occupied the region over the centuries. Its privileged location offers visitors panoramic views of the mountains, the Guadiato River, and the Puente Nuevo reservoir, making it a site of both historical and scenic interest
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